Boiler water treatment
的治疗和调节boiler feed watermust satisfy three main objectives:
External treatmentis the reduction or removal of impurities from water outside the boiler. In general, external treatment is used when the amount of one or more of the feed water impurities is too high to be tolerated by the boiler system in question. There are many types of external treatment (softening,evaporation,deaeration,membrane contractorsetc.) which can be used to tailor make feed-water for a particular system.Internal treatmentis the conditioning of impurities within the boiler system. The reactions occur either in the feed lines or in the boiler proper. Internal treatment may be used alone or in conjunction with external treatment. Its purpose is to properly react with feed water hardness, condition sludge, scavenge oxygen and prevent boiler water foaming. externalExternal treatment |
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Certain natural and synthetic materials have the ability to remove mineral ions from water in exchange for others. For example, in passing water through a simple cation exchange softener all ofcalciumandmagnesiumions are removed and replaced with sodium ions. Since simple cation exchange does not reduce the total solids of the water supply, it is sometimes used in conjunction with precipitation type softening. One of the most common and efficient combination treatments is the hot lime-zeolite process. This involves pretreatment of the water with lime to reduce hardness, alkalinity and in some cases silica, and subsequent treatment with a cation exchange softener. This system of treatment accomplishes several functions: softening, alkalinity and silica reduction, some oxygen reduction, and removal of suspended matter and turbidity. Internal treatment can constitute the unique treatment when boilers operate at low or moderate pressure, when large amounts of condensed steam are used for feed water, or when good quality raw water is available. The purpose of an internal treatment is to 1) react with any feed-water hardness and prevent it from precipitating on the boiler metal as scale; 2) condition any suspended matter such as hardness sludge or iron oxide in the boiler and make it non-adherent to the boiler metal; 3) provide anti-foam protection to allow a reasonable concentration of dissolved and suspended solids in the boiler water without foam carry-over; 4) eliminate oxygen from the water and provide enough alkalinity to prevent boiler corrosion. In addition, as supplementary measures an internal treatment should preventcorrosionandscalingof the feed-water system and protect against corrosion in the steam condensate systems. During the conditioning process, which is an essential complement to the water treatment program, specific doses of conditioning products are added to the water. The commonly used products include:
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Thesofteningchemicals used include soda ash, caustic and various types of sodium phosphates. These chemicals react with calcium and magnesium compounds in the feed water. Sodium silicate is used to react selectively with magnesium hardness. Calcium bicarbonate entering with the feed water is broken down at boiler temperatures or reacts with caustic soda to form calcium carbonate. Since calcium carbonate is relatively insoluble it tends to come out of solution. Sodium carbonate partially breaks down at high temperature to sodium hydroxide (caustic) and carbon dioxide. High temperatures in the boiler water reduce the solubility of calcium sulphate and tend to make it precipitate out directly on the boiler metal as scale. Consequently calcium sulphate must be reacted upon chemically to cause a precipitate to form in the water where it can be conditioned and removed by blow-down. Calcium sulphate is reacted on either by sodium carbonate, sodium phosphate or sodium silicate to form insoluble calcium carbonate, phosphate or silicate. Magnesium sulphate is reacted upon by caustic soda to form a precipitate of magnesium hydroxide. Some magnesium may react with silica to form magnesium silicate. Sodium sulphate is highly soluble and remains in solution unless the water is evaporated almost to dryness. | ||
Common internal chemical feeding methods include the use of chemical solution tanks and proportioning pumps or special ball briquette chemical feeders. In general, softening chemicals (phosphates, soda ash, caustic, etc.) are added directly to the fee-water at a point near the entrance to the boiler drum. They may also be fed through a separate line discharging in the feed-water drum of the boiler. The chemicals should discharge in the fee-water section of the boiler so that reactions occur in the water before it enters the steam generating area. Softening chemicals may be added continuously or intermittently depending on feed-water hardiness and other factors. Chemicals added to react with dissolved oxygen (sulphate, hydrazine, etc.) and chemicals used to prevent scale and corrosion in the feed-water system (polyphosphates, organics, etc.) should be fed in the feed-water system as continuously as possible. Chemicals used to prevent condensate system corrosion may be fed directly to the steam or into the feed-water system, depending on the specific chemical used. Continuous feeding is preferred but intermittent application will suffice in some cases. Check also our web page about the production of high pure water throughElectrodeionization (EDI). Click here for more details aboutdeaeration(deaerating heaters ormembrane contractors). References |
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